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USSR's paper money & its Soviet Socialist Swastikas S-shaped Symbolism
Wikipedia is announcing more discoveries by the historian Dr. Rex Curry
about the Soviet socialist state's swastika. Although it was an ancient symbol, it was used by socialists in modern times as S-symbolism for "socialism." Dr. Curry's work is probably the most referenced historical research on Wikipedia. http://rexcurry.net/ussr-socialist-s...cccp-sssr.html The discoveries are shown in Soviet Socialist banknotes that show swastikas. One of those notes is a 250 ruble note. http://rexcurry.net/ussr-socialist-s...a1917-250a.JPG The designer of that banknote was an ethnic Latvian Rihards Zarins (he spelled his name: Zarrins or Richarda Zarrina; June 27, 1869 - April 21, 1939). He studied at the School of Kurzeme Knighthood in Griva and elsewhere in Latvia, St. Petersburg, and then in western Europe in Berlin, Munich, and Vienna. he became employed by the Russian Imperial Printing Office in St. Petersburg, where he worked from 1899 to 1919, acting from 1905 on as technical director of the Soviet Socialist State printing house, where the banknotes were printed. Later he designed the first postage stamps of the Soviet Socialist State. In 1919 he returned to Latvia and directed the Government Printing House (1919-1933) and became a Professor serving as head of the graphic arts workshop at the Latvian Academy of Arts (1921-1938). He created designs of paper money, postage stamps, certificates and more. He enjoyed the socialist symbolism of the swastika and he used it frequently, as in the banknote mentioned. He also signed his work with a single large stylized letter "Z" another reflection of his interest in alphabetic swastika-style symbolism. Among his works of applied art are the design of the Latvian coat of arms, as well as several designs for bank notes issued by the Printing Office, and several coins of the Latvian lats. In 1934, Zarins created a lithograph that displays the stiff-armed salute (the American salute) that had originated in the United States in the early Pledge of Allegiance (written by the self-proclaimed national socialist Francis Bellamy in 1892). http://rexcurry.net/swastika-Latvian...arrins1934.jpg It is sad to note that Zarins died in 1939, the same year that the National Socialist German Workers' Party joined with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as allies in a pact to divide up Europe, spreading World War II, and the socialist Wholecaust (of which the Holocaust was a part): 62 million slaughtered under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; 49 million under the Peoples' Republic of China; 21 million under the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In 1940, Latvia was incorporated into the USSR and Zarins' lats were replaced by the Soviet ruble. The Soviet socialist state during the time of its swastika was known as the "PCOCP" which, with slight alteration, became simply "CCCP" (USSR or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). Transliterated it is known also as the R.S.F.S.R., the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (aka Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) (??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????????, ?????). It is relevant to note that the Soviet socialist state's abbreviations have the pattern of double letters in PP, CC and SS. Hence, the double S letters of the Soviet socialist state's swastika stand for "Soviet Socialist" (the corresponding letters in RSFSR). The RSFSR began in 1917 and was the largest and most populous of the fifteen former republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which became known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in December 1922. The Russian SFSR became the modern day Russia after the collapse of the USSR, officially dissolved on December 31, 1991. After the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918, a large variety of different currencies were in circulation including ostrubles and ostmarks (east rubles, east marks), German reichsmarks, the so-called Tsar rubles and kopecks, and the so-called Money of Duma. On December 11, 1918, the Minister of Finance set official exchange rates for the currencies in circulation, thus recognizing three foreign currencies as legal tender including Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. On March 22, 1919, the Provisional Government of Latvia authorized the Minister of Finance to issue the first money notes of the Republic of Latvia - Treasury notes; they were named Latvian rubles and Latvian kopecks, named after the money in circulation under Soviet Socialism. Five Latvian artists designed the money, including Rihards Zarins, who had designed the soviet socialist swastika rubles under the Soviet Socialism (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic). Issues of Treasury notes marked the beginnings of an independent Latvian monetary system although Russian and German currencies continued as legal tender in Latvia. In order to impose socialism, control the economy, and inflate (counterfeit) money, the Constitutional Assembly adopted the law to socialize money (as well as other things) and imposed the Bank of Latvia on September 7, 1922. The power to issue currency was seized and turned into a socialist monopoly (along with many other things) and vested with the Bank of Latvia. On November 2, 1922, the Bank of Latvia issued the first provisional banknotes - 500-ruble notes with an overprint. In 1923, 100-lats banknotes were issued. The graphical design of the note was worked out by artists Rihards Zarins and Karlis Krauze. The Ministry of Finance issued State Treasury notes in denominations of 5, 10 and 20 lats. These notes were printed at the State Securities Printing House. The authors of the graphical designs of these notes were Rihards Zarins, Karlis Krauze and Harijs Gricevics. Coins were issued in denominations of 1, 2 5, 10, 20 and 50 santims, and 1, 2 and 5 lats. The designs of the coins were created by three artists: Rihards Zarins (santims coins of the 1923 issue and 5-lats coins), Janis Roberts Tilbergs (1- and 2-lats coins) and Ludolfs Liberts (santims coins, the 1937 issue). It is sad to note that Zarins died in 1939, the same year that the National Socialist German Workers' Party joined with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as allies in a pact to divide up Europe, spreading World War II, and the socialist Wholecaust (of which the Holocaust was a part): 62 million slaughtered under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; 49 million under the Peoples' Republic of China; 21 million under the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In 1940, Latvia was incorporated into the USSR (Zarins' previous employer) and Zarins' lats were replaced by the Soviet ruble. Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Socialist Army on June 17, 1940, and on August 5 Latvia was incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Beginning with October 10, 1940, the Latvia Republican Office of the State Bank of the USSR, which was a constituent part in the centralized Soviet socialist banking system, took over the the Bank of Latvia. The USSR's monetary system was gradually re-introduced in Latvia. With the resolution of the Popular Council of Commissars of the Latvian SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic) passed on November 25, 1940, the exchange rate of the lats against the USSR ruble was determined (1 lats = 1 ruble). That marked the beginning of a simultaneous circulation of two currencies in Latvia, which lasted for four months. Without prior notice, the lats was withdrawn from circulation on March 25, 1941. The USSR ruble became the socialist monopoly legal tender in Latvia. In June 1941, German troops under the National Socialist German Workers' Party advanced into Latvia. Right after the entrance of the German socialist army, the Bank of Latvia resumed its activity; however, the Bank did not regain its right to issue currency. The occupation power implemented a policy that was tailored specially for occupied countries, its aim being the suppression and robbing of these countries, in keeping with the socialist dogma as previously imposed under Soviet Socialism. The instrument to achieve this was the introduction of a special currency - reichsmarks. German socialist Reichsmarks circulated alongside Soviet Socialist rubles, the exchange rate being 10 rubles = 1 reichsmark. After the Second World War, Latvia was again incorporated into the Soviet financial system. The State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) both issued money and functioned as the State Treasury. The monetary system of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic was entirely controlled by the Gosbank. In 1987, the Latvia Republican Office of the State Bank of the USSR was renamed the Latvia Republican Bank of the State Bank of the USSR; however, it did not become a central bank with the right to issue the national currency. On March 2, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR passed the Resolution "On the Bank of Latvia". It stipulated that the Bank of Latvia, a local central bank, was established (actually restored) in the Latvian SSR. This was a central bank - an independent state bank, which had the exclusive right to issue the national currency. However, it was only after the declaration of independence of the Republic of Latvia on May 4, 1990 and the collapse of Soviet Socialism that in accordance with the Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia "On Reorganization of Banks in the Territory of the Republic of Latvia" passed on September 3, 1991 the Bank of Latvia was re-established as the socialist monopoly bank of Lavia with its own socialist monopoly money. The amazing discoveries in Dr. Curry's work have been discussed by members of the group Flags Of The World, a well-known group in the field of vexillology (the study of flags). Dr. Rex Curry's historical discoveries have been recognized by members of Flags Of The World Group (FOTW) and members of other vexillological groups. The acknowledgment occurred when the president of the group conceded defeat in a scholarly debate challenge about Dr. Curry's news-making work. http://rexcurry.net/fotw-flags-of-th...xillology.html The Flags of the World web site contained an error. A fan of RexCurry.net wrote in to point out an error on the Flags of the World web site that has caused confusion among members of the North American Vexillological Association. The error is at http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/lv%5Eair.html That web page attempts to provide information about Latvia's Airforce Flag and Aircraft Marking and shows a swastika symbol (45 degrees to the horizontal and pointed clockwise) with the headline "1918-1940." That seeming error caused some members of the North American Vexillological Association to incorrectly believe that the symbol was always 45 degrees to the horizontal (as if in a diamond orientation). One NAVA member said "I checked Latvia's Air Force markings 1918-1940 and found a red swastika on its point (as in the National Socialist German Workers' Party) on white." A more searching review of the links on that FOTW page shows that the swastika symbol on Latvian planes originally was on its side (with horizontal orientation) and not 45 degrees to the horizontal. It is unclear from FOTW, and the links, when and why the change occurred in Latvia from 1918-1940. A fan writes, "It is interesting to note that a lot of the pictures available through the FOTW reference are only illustrations and not photographs. One illustration did note the change in the markings. Also interesting to note that the planes seem to be German, mostly or exclusively? And that in 1920 they were being used against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. There was also a response about Finland's use of the swastika. Can anyone provide more information about when Finland first used the symbol on its planes, why, and where the plane(s) came from? Was it a German source also?" As late as 1936, swastikas were put on Avro Anson Airplanes. http://rexcurry.net/avro-anson-ameri...inland1936.JPG It is additional proof of Dr. Curry's work showing the use of the swastika as S-shapes for "socialism" under Soviet Socialists, German Socialists, and in Latvia and Finland, Great Britain, and that they all followed after the United States of America. http://rexcurry.net/45th-infantry-di...-soldiers.html In Finland the swastika was used as the official national marking of the Army between 1918 and 1944, and also of the Finnish Air Force at that time. The swastika was also used by the Lotta Svärd organisation. The blue swastika was the symbol used by the family of Swedish Count Eric von Rosen, who donated the first plane to the Finnish White Army during the Finnish Civil War. At that time, Rosen was socialist in his philosophy and socialism was growing like a cancer worldwide. Rosen's socialism grew too and, after the National Socialist German Workers' Party was formed, Rosen altered his use of the symbol to be the same as that of the National Socialist German Workers' Party when Rosen became one of the founding members of Nationalsocialistiska Blocket, a Swedish Socialist political party, that took advantage of the overlapping S-shapes of the swastika. Rosen also gained a closer connection to Germany when Hermann Göring married Carin von Kantzow, whose sister was married to Rosen. The swastika also appeared in many Finnish medals and decorations. In wartime medals of honor it was a visible element, first drafted by Akseli Gallen-Kallela 1918-19. In Germany and Austria at the same time period, the swastika was also being used by socialist groups. The National Socialist Bloc was formed in the end of 1933. It was formed by the merger of Nationalsocialistiska Samlingspartiet, Nationalsocialistiska Förbundet and local national socialist units connected to the advocate Sven Hallström in Umeå. Later Svensk Nationalsocialistisk Samling merged into NSB. The leader of the party was the colonel Martin Ekström. The party maintained several publications, Landet Fritt (Göteborg), Vår Kamp (Göteborg), Vår Front (Umeå), Nasisten (Malmö) and Riksposten. NSB differentiated itself from other Swedish national socialist groups due to its liaisons with the Swedish upper class. The NAVA members who referenced the FOTW web page provided more support for Dr. Curry's work showing that the swastika was used to represent overlapping "S" letters for "socialism" under the National Socialist German Workers' Party and in the Soviet Socialist State. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html |
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USSR's paper money & its Soviet Socialist Swastikas S-shaped Symbolism
On Feb 9, 1:16 am, "\"Stop the Pledge of Allegiance\"" pledge-of-
wrote: Wikipedia is announcing more discoveries by the historian Dr.Rex Curry about the Soviet socialist state's swastika. Although it was an ancient symbol, it was used by socialists in modern times as S-symbolism for "socialism." Dr. Curry's work is probably the most referenced historical research on Wikipedia.http://rexcurry.net/ussr-socialist-s...cccp-sssr.html The discoveries are shown in Soviet Socialist banknotes that show swastikas. One of those notes is a 250 ruble note.http://rexcurry.net/ussr-socialist-s...a1917-250a.JPG The designer of that banknote was an ethnic Latvian Rihards Zarins (he spelled his name: Zarrins or Richarda Zarrina; June 27, 1869 - April 21, 1939). He studied at the School of Kurzeme Knighthood in Griva and elsewhere in Latvia, St. Petersburg, and then in western Europe in Berlin, Munich, and Vienna. he became employed by the Russian Imperial Printing Office in St. Petersburg, where he worked from 1899 to 1919, acting from 1905 on as technical director of the Soviet Socialist State printing house, where the banknotes were printed. Later he designed the first postage stamps of the Soviet Socialist State. In 1919 he returned to Latvia and directed the Government Printing House (1919-1933) and became a Professor serving as head of the graphic arts workshop at the Latvian Academy of Arts (1921-1938). He created designs of paper money, postage stamps, certificates and more. He enjoyed the socialist symbolism of the swastika and he used it frequently, as in the banknote mentioned. He also signed his work with a single large stylized letter "Z" another reflection of his interest in alphabetic swastika-style symbolism. Among his works of applied art are the design of the Latvian coat of arms, as well as several designs for bank notes issued by the Printing Office, and several coins of the Latvian lats. In 1934, Zarins created a lithograph that displays the stiff-armed salute (the American salute) that had originated in the United States in the early Pledge of Allegiance (written by the self-proclaimed national socialist Francis Bellamy in 1892).http://rexcurry.net/swastika-Latvian...hards-Zarins-Z... It is sad to note that Zarins died in 1939, the same year that the National Socialist German Workers' Party joined with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as allies in a pact to divide up Europe, spreading World War II, and the socialist Wholecaust (of which the Holocaust was a part): 62 million slaughtered under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; 49 million under the Peoples' Republic of China; 21 million under the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In 1940, Latvia was incorporated into the USSR and Zarins' lats were replaced by the Soviet ruble. The Soviet socialist state during the time of its swastika was known as the "PCOCP" which, with slight alteration, became simply "CCCP" (USSR or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). Transliterated it is known also as the R.S.F.S.R., the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (aka Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) (??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????????, ?????). It is relevant to note that the Soviet socialist state's abbreviations have the pattern of double letters in PP, CC and SS. Hence, the double S letters of the Soviet socialist state's swastika stand for "Soviet Socialist" (the corresponding letters in RSFSR). The RSFSR began in 1917 and was the largest and most populous of the fifteen former republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which became known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in December 1922. The Russian SFSR became the modern day Russia after the collapse of the USSR, officially dissolved on December 31, 1991. After the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918, a large variety of different currencies were in circulation including ostrubles and ostmarks (east rubles, east marks), German reichsmarks, the so-called Tsar rubles and kopecks, and the so-called Money of Duma. On December 11, 1918, the Minister of Finance set official exchange rates for the currencies in circulation, thus recognizing three foreign currencies as legal tender including Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. On March 22, 1919, the Provisional Government of Latvia authorized the Minister of Finance to issue the first money notes of the Republic of Latvia - Treasury notes; they were named Latvian rubles and Latvian kopecks, named after the money in circulation under Soviet Socialism. Five Latvian artists designed the money, including Rihards Zarins, who had designed the soviet socialist swastika rubles under the Soviet Socialism (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic). Issues of Treasury notes marked the beginnings of an independent Latvian monetary system although Russian and German currencies continued as legal tender in Latvia. In order to impose socialism, control the economy, and inflate (counterfeit) money, the Constitutional Assembly adopted the law to socialize money (as well as other things) and imposed the Bank of Latvia on September 7, 1922. The power to issue currency was seized and turned into a socialist monopoly (along with many other things) and vested with the Bank of Latvia. On November 2, 1922, the Bank of Latvia issued the first provisional banknotes - 500-ruble notes with an overprint. In 1923, 100-lats banknotes were issued. The graphical design of the note was worked out by artists Rihards Zarins and Karlis Krauze. The Ministry of Finance issued State Treasury notes in denominations of 5, 10 and 20 lats. These notes were printed at the State Securities Printing House. The authors of the graphical designs of these notes were Rihards Zarins, Karlis Krauze and Harijs Gricevics. Coins were issued in denominations of 1, 2 5, 10, 20 and 50 santims, and 1, 2 and 5 lats. The designs of the coins were created by three artists: Rihards Zarins (santims coins of the 1923 issue and 5-lats coins), Janis Roberts Tilbergs (1- and 2-lats coins) and Ludolfs Liberts (santims coins, the 1937 issue). It is sad to note that Zarins died in 1939, the same year that the National Socialist German Workers' Party joined with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as allies in a pact to divide up Europe, spreading World War II, and the socialist Wholecaust (of which the Holocaust was a part): 62 million slaughtered under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; 49 million under the Peoples' Republic of China; 21 million under the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In 1940, Latvia was incorporated into the USSR (Zarins' previous employer) and Zarins' lats were replaced by the Soviet ruble. Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Socialist Army on June 17, 1940, and on August 5 Latvia was incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Beginning with October 10, 1940, the Latvia Republican Office of the State Bank of the USSR, which was a constituent part in the centralized Soviet socialist banking system, took over the the Bank of Latvia. The USSR's monetary system was gradually re-introduced in Latvia. With the resolution of the Popular Council of Commissars of the Latvian SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic) passed on November 25, 1940, the exchange rate of the lats against the USSR ruble was determined (1 lats = 1 ruble). That marked the beginning of a simultaneous circulation of two currencies in Latvia, which lasted for four months. Without prior notice, the lats was withdrawn from circulation on March 25, 1941. The USSR ruble became the socialist monopoly legal tender in Latvia. In June 1941, German troops under the National Socialist German Workers' Party advanced into Latvia. Right after the entrance of the German socialist army, the Bank of Latvia resumed its activity; however, the Bank did not regain its right to issue currency. The occupation power implemented a policy that was tailored specially for occupied countries, its aim being the suppression and robbing of these countries, in keeping with the socialist dogma as previously imposed under Soviet Socialism. The instrument to achieve this was the introduction of a special currency - reichsmarks. German socialist Reichsmarks circulated alongside Soviet Socialist rubles, the exchange rate being 10 rubles = 1 reichsmark. After the Second World War, Latvia was again incorporated into the Soviet financial system. The State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) both issued money and functioned as the State Treasury. The monetary system of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic was entirely controlled by the Gosbank. In 1987, the Latvia Republican Office of the State Bank of the USSR was renamed the Latvia Republican Bank of the State Bank of the USSR; however, it did not become a central bank with the right to issue the national currency. On March 2, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR passed the Resolution "On the Bank of Latvia". It stipulated that the Bank of Latvia, a local central bank, was established (actually restored) in the Latvian SSR. This was a central bank - an independent state bank, which had the exclusive right to issue the national currency. However, it was only after the declaration of independence of the Republic of Latvia on May 4, 1990 and the collapse of Soviet Socialism that in accordance with the Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia "On Reorganization of Banks in the Territory of the Republic of Latvia" passed on September 3, 1991 the Bank of Latvia was re-established as the socialist monopoly bank of Lavia with its own socialist monopoly money. The amazing discoveries in Dr. Curry's work have been discussed by members of the group Flags Of The World, a well-known group in the field of vexillology (the study of flags). Dr.Rex Curry'shistorical discoveries have been recognized by members of Flags Of The World Group (FOTW) and members of other vexillological groups. The acknowledgment occurred when the president of the group conceded defeat in a scholarly debate challenge about Dr. Curry's news-making work.http://rexcurry.net/fotw-flags-of-th...xillology.html The Flags of the World web site contained an error. A fan of RexCurry.net wrote in to point out an error on the Flags of the World web site that has caused confusion among members of the North American Vexillological Association. The error is athttp://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/lv%5Eair.html That web page attempts to provide information about Latvia's Airforce Flag and Aircraft Marking and shows a swastika symbol (45 degrees to the horizontal and pointed clockwise) with the headline "1918-1940." That seeming error caused some members of the North American Vexillological Association to incorrectly believe that the symbol was always 45 degrees to the horizontal (as if in a diamond orientation). One NAVA member said "I checked Latvia's Air Force markings 1918-1940 and found a red swastika on its point (as in the National Socialist German Workers' Party) on white." A more searching review of the links on that FOTW page shows that the swastika symbol on Latvian planes originally was on its side (with horizontal orientation) and not 45 degrees to the horizontal. It is unclear from FOTW, and the links, when and why the change occurred in Latvia from 1918-1940. A fan writes, "It is interesting to note that a lot of the pictures available through the FOTW reference are only illustrations and not photographs. One illustration did note the change in the markings. Also interesting to note that the planes seem to be German, mostly or exclusively? And that in 1920 they were being used against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. There was also a response about Finland's use of the swastika. Can anyone provide more information about when Finland first used the symbol on its planes, why, and where the plane(s) came from? Was it a German source also?" As late as 1936, swastikas were put on Avro Anson Airplanes.http://rexcurry.net/avro-anson-ameri...inland1936.JPG It is additional proof of Dr. Curry's work showing the use of the swastika as S-shapes for "socialism" under Soviet Socialists, German Socialists, and in Latvia and Finland, Great Britain, and that they all followed after the United States of America.http://rexcurry.net/45th-infantry-di...-soldiers.html In Finland the swastika was used as the official national marking of the Army between 1918 and 1944, and also of the Finnish Air Force at that time. The swastika was also used by the Lotta Svärd organisation. The blue swastika was the symbol used by the family of Swedish Count Eric von Rosen, who donated the first plane to the Finnish White Army during the Finnish Civil War. At that time, Rosen was socialist in his philosophy and socialism was growing like a cancer worldwide. Rosen's socialism grew too and, after the National Socialist German Workers' Party was formed, Rosen altered his use of the symbol to be the same as that of the National Socialist German Workers' Party when Rosen became one of the founding members of Nationalsocialistiska Blocket, a Swedish Socialist political party, that took advantage of the overlapping S-shapes of the swastika. Rosen also gained a closer connection to Germany when Hermann Göring married Carin von Kantzow, whose sister was married to Rosen. The swastika also appeared in many Finnish medals and decorations. In wartime medals of honor it was a visible element, first drafted by Akseli Gallen-Kallela 1918-19. In Germany and Austria at the same time period, the swastika was also being used by socialist groups. The National Socialist Bloc was formed in the end of 1933. It was formed by the merger of Nationalsocialistiska Samlingspartiet, Nationalsocialistiska Förbundet and local national socialist units connected to the advocate Sven Hallström in Umeå. Later Svensk Nationalsocialistisk Samling merged into NSB. The leader of the party was the colonel Martin Ekström. The party maintained several publications, Landet Fritt (Göteborg), Vår Kamp (Göteborg), Vår Front (Umeå), Nasisten (Malmö) and Riksposten. NSB differentiated itself from other Swedish national socialist groups due to its liaisons with the Swedish upper class. The NAVA members who referenced the FOTW web page provided more support for Dr. Curry's work showing that the swastika was used to represent overlapping "S" letters for "socialism" under the National Socialist German Workers' Party and in the Soviet Socialist State.http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html That is fascinating work by Dr. Rex Curry. Thank you for bringing it to our attention. |
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